std.blockchain — Cryptographic Distributed Ledger & PBFT Consensus

Enterprise blockchain primitives: cryptographic Merkle trees, SHA-256 block mining, UTXO ledgers, and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus.

1. Creating a Ledger & Mining Blocks

Manage distributed chain tips and execute SHA-256 proof-of-work mining with Merkle root computation:

import std.blockchain.ledger
import std.io

pub fn main() {
    // 1. Initialize ledger with genesis block
    let mut chain = ledger.create_ledger("nyx-enterprise-l1")
    std.io.println("Genesis Block Hash: " + chain.latest_block_hash)

    // 2. Ingest transactions to mempool
    ledger.add_transaction(&mut chain, "tx_001".to_string(), "Alice".to_string(), "Bob".to_string(), 12.5)
    ledger.add_transaction(&mut chain, "tx_002".to_string(), "Bob".to_string(), "Charlie".to_string(), 4.2)

    // 3. Mine block #2
    let block = ledger.mine_block(&mut chain, 208421)
    std.io.println("Mined Block #" + block.height.to_string() + 
                   " with Merkle Root: " + block.merkle_root)
    std.io.println("New Chain Tip: " + chain.latest_block_hash)
}

2. PBFT 3-Phase Consensus State Machine

Coordinate multi-validator BFT networks with $2f+1$ quorum verification:

import std.blockchain.ledger
import std.io

pub fn main() {
    // Create PBFT cluster with 4 nodes (fault tolerance f = 1)
    let mut pbft = ledger.create_pbft(4)

    // Phase 1: Prepare votes
    ledger.pbft_vote_prepare(&mut pbft)
    ledger.pbft_vote_prepare(&mut pbft)
    std.io.println("PBFT Phase after Prepare Quorum: Phase=" + pbft.phase.to_string())

    // Phase 2: Commit votes
    ledger.pbft_vote_commit(&mut pbft)
    ledger.pbft_vote_commit(&mut pbft)
    ledger.pbft_vote_commit(&mut pbft)
    std.io.println("PBFT Finalized: Phase=" + pbft.phase.to_string()) // Phase=3 (Committed)
}